Question of Authorship Essay Example for Free

Question of Authorship Essay For as long as five decades, the universe of writing has come to adore the extraordinary works of one man. The colossal commitment of Shakespeare in Literature stays unrivaled. The sheer volume of the plays and works he had composed remain neglected, and the nature of its specialty stays unequaled. To such an extent, that there is likely nobody possessing this world who hasn’t the information on the extraordinary essayist. Nobody moves on from school without having the experience of Shakespeare in their instruction: his plays are praised through arranging and his works are the subject of study in, and even outside of, Literature classes. Additionally, the festival of Shakespeare and his works are not restricted to the limits of training. Dramatic organizations gain a sizeable extent of their benefits in arranging Shakespeare’s five-exceptionally old works. Distributing organizations advantage to a great extent in the a huge number of hardbound duplicates they have printed of Shakespeare’s works, and the writing he and his works have propelled. With the image that has been painted, we can perceive how persuasive and how large a column Shakespeare is in Literature. Nonetheless, except for abstract researchers, very few individuals know about the issue that has encircled Shakespeare’s origin of the works that have been professed to be his since the time man can recollect. William Shakespeare of Stratford has consistently been viewed as the man who composed the godlike plays and pieces. In any case, since the time hypotheses have begun to emerge, different names have likewise mushroomed through the examinations of researchers who guarantee that these names are the ones which we ought to celebrate, and not that of the specialist William Shakespeare of Stratford. The hypotheses began when Alexander Pope brought to the consideration of perusers the genuineness of the attribution to Shakespeare in some of his works. Pope assaulted Shakespeare’s on the validity of works that had been avoided from the 1623 Folio, an assortment of Shakespeare’s most convincing works. His reactions made in the seventeenth century kept on impacting the ages that followed as for their sentiment on the issue. Basically however, what has disrupted pundits are the disharmony in his the encounters and training got by a venue man in Stratford and the quality and substance of the works he supposedly created, as expressed by one source, â€Å"The work ascribed to Shakespeare shows an information on topography, unknown dialect, governmental issues, and an enormous jargon that many find conflicting with what’s thought about Shakespeare’s education,† (Lanciai). Initiation Majority of the examinations were done through a recorded perspective. In the event that we investigate history during the time Shakespeare composed his plays, we would discover how creation was seen as inconsequential, even ill-conceived, in the composition of the book. As indicated by another source, customary accounts that present the Middle Ages as a ‘golden age’ of imitation for which inquiries of creation and realness were immaterial (King). What set off this was the failure of beginner essayists (particularly individuals of rank) to distribute their own name in their works under the system of Queen Elizabeth. A noble man of rank couldn't distribute under his own name in case he be associated with having a calling. This strategy was followed, and authors of rank either coursed their work secretly or they utilized nom de plumes (Lanciai Christian). Additionally, the theater business during Shakespeare’s time was an unsurveyable network (Lanciai). It thusly follows that while theater was a significant industry of the time, it is extremely testing to inspect crafted by the business. These reasons at last lead to the turning gray of the follow to the genuine creation of the works credited to Shakespeare. Why not Shakespeare? It has been referenced in this paper the theater business was an unsurveyable network during Shakespeare’s time. A snippet of data that is known however is that the proprietors of the auditoriums were mutually possessed by the entertainers, as per Lanciai’s article. Just the excellent ascent in the business, and William Shakespeare was one of them, as he was a practiced industrialist of those occasions. Along these lines, we can infer that Shakespeare the agent was an individual considered of rank in his age. On the off chance that we recall the standard that was forced on journalists of rank, another source contended subsequently: â€Å"If Shakespeare was a respectable man of rank, at that point William Shakespeare would he be able to his genuine name. Conversely, the William Shakespeare who was a play-dealer, part proprietor of an acting organization, and occupant of Stratford just as London would have been in a decent situation to utilize and fitting work composed by an unknown high-conceived author,† (Price, Diana). How Shakespeare was seen The man’s (Shakespeare of Stratford) social and expert situation being referred to was portrayed by Pope as this: â€Å"He writ to the People; and writ from the outset without support from the better sort, and accordingly without points of satisfying them: without help or guidance from the Learned, as without the benefit of instruction or associate among them: [and] without the information on the best models, the Ancients, to motivate him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From this depiction, King deduced that Pope respected the discourse of the entertainers in his functions as â€Å"bad conversations†, and that he was just ready to pull off this on account of the Court support. Additionally, he had drawn from the statement that the nature of Shakespeare’s sensational composing improved in direct extent to his degree of social and phonetic contact with ‘the better sort’. With this we would already be able to perceive how Pope has de-justified Shakespeare from the degree of scholarly virtuoso which has consistently been related to his name. It likewise obvious that Pope regarded Shakespeare of this position due to the social position he was in, as per a similar article, Shakespeare’s social sullying by his second rate partners and discussion accomplices added to the de-justifying. A contention from another creator upheld Pope’s claims when another creator stated, â€Å"It gives the idea that Shakespeare of Stratford was very little regarded (or loved) while Shakespeare the creator was† (Price). The opposite side of Shakespeare of Stratford that Pope brought up in agrees with the information on the creator. As indicated by Price’s book, Shakespeare of Stratford was recognized by contemporary records as a cash moneylender, play-intermediary, wheeler-vendor, opportunist, and at some point entertainer. No peers of Shakespeare called him as a creator, not individuals from his locale. What likewise fortifies this contention is the absence of enduring archives composed by him which have any abstract essentialness (Price). Beside these, what’s additionally upsetting for researchers is the way that the will left by Shakespeare didn't make reference to of any books that he possessed. In Elizabethan period, books were viewed as significant things and in this way were to be passed on to family members or individual scholars. His passing likewise talked about his legitimacy as a commended present day dramatist in his time. In contrast to different writers, his passing didn't mix any open notification. Add to that the issue achieved the will he abandoned, these things make many individuals wonder about his legitimacy as an author. It appears that his will was the main hint of Shakespeare’s scholarly works. A man named Reverend James Wilmot was said to have looked through all of Warwickshire to search for any bit of proof that would introduce Shakespeare’s scholarly action. Reverend Wilmot didn't discover any tale, letter, report or any keepsake (Lanciai). Unquestionably, any individual who is professed to be an author will have volumes of compositions in his home, or any bit of composing whatsoever. The article additionally clarified that Reverend Wilmot’s disclosure drove him to infer that Shakespeare truly should have another author. His instruction additionally demonstrated only remarkable. As indicated by Price’s book additionally, the agent from Stratford just obtained a punctuation school training all things considered. While conceivable, it is hard to accept that an individual of such instructive fulfillment could deliver the degree of keenness and development found in his works. It is practically certain when one makes the case that Shakespeare’s works have molded the manner in which English dramatizations are to be composed, as put by another source, â€Å"He makes and sets up the English section show, he progressively forms the English show into the structure which in this way and perpetually turns into the Shakespeare standard (Leahy, William). † This specific essayist is unified with the pundits who says it is unimaginable that these works of extraordinary quality could have been delivered by a man with minimal instructive foundation. Leahy included his article, â€Å"It’s not likely that Shakespeare could ace this structure straightforwardly without preliminary work in such a practiced demonstrable skill which is as of now apparent in the main Shakespeare dramatizations. † What made him state this is because of his non-existent instruction and absence of experience of Cambridge, France, and Italy. Beside this, Price includes how researchers call attention to that his insight into a few unknown dialects is regarded questionable. The article clarified that there is no sign that Shakespeare knew any dialects other than English, or that he at any point left England. The error between the pictures of the two people has fuelled the discussions for the genuineness of the representative from Stratford’s creation in the Shakespearian works. The Real Shakespeare Among the various series of charges and hypotheses in regards to Shakespeare of Stratford’s legitimacy to asserting creation to a num

Itt221 Week 1 Research Assignment Part 1 Free Essays

Research Assignment, Part One Brandon Kelly IT221 †E-2 Fall 2011 Instructor: Stephen Todd 12-17-2011 Question 1 †Why does Windows Server 2008 come in various forms? What is the essentialness of every variant? Most releases of Windows Server 2008 are accessible in x86-64 and IA-32 forms. Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems bolsters IA-64 processors. Microsoft has streamlined the IA-64 rendition for high-outstanding task at hand situations like database servers and Line of Business (LOB) applications. We will compose a custom article test on Itt221 Week 1 Research Assignment Part 1 or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now As such it isn't improved for use as a document server or media server. Microsoft has declared that Windows Server 2008 is the last 32-piece Windows server working framework. Windows Server 2008 is accessible in the releases recorded underneath, like Windows Server 2003. †¢ Windows Server 2008 Standard (IA-32 and x86-64) Windows Server 2008 Standard is one of Microsoft’s section level server contributions (nearby Windows Web Server 2008) and is one of the most affordable of the different releases accessible. Both 32-piece and 64-piece forms are accessible, and as far as equipment Standard Edition bolsters up to 4GB of RAM and 4 processors. Windows Server 2008 is essentially focused on and little and moderate sized organizations (SMBs) and is perfect for giving space, web, DNS, remote access, print, record and application administrations. Backing for grouping, be that as it may, is quite missing from this version. An update way to Windows Server 2008 Standard is accessible from Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition. †¢ Windows Server 2008 Enterprise (IA-32 and x86-64) Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition gives more noteworthy usefulness and adaptability than the Standard Edition. Similarly as with Standard Edition both 32-piece and 64-piece adaptations are accessible. Improvements incorporate help for upwards of 8 processors and up to 64GB of RAM on 32-piece frameworks and 2TB of RAM on 64-piece frameworks. Extra highlights of the Enterprise release incorporate help for groups of up to 8 hubs and Active Directory Federated Services (AD FS). Windows Server 2000, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition and Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition may all be moved up to Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition. †¢ Windows Server 2008 Datacenter (IA-32 and x86-64) The Datacenter version speaks to the top finish of the Windows Server 2008 item go and is focused at strategic endeavors requiring soundness and high uptime levels. Windows Server 2008 Datacenter version is attached near the hidden equipment through the execution of custom Hardware Abstraction Layers (HAL). Accordingly, it is at present just conceivable to get Datacenter release as a feature of an equipment buy. Similarly as with different adaptations, the Datacenter release is accessible in 32-piece and 64-piece forms and supports 64GB of RAM on 32-piece frameworks and up to 2TB of RAM on 64-piece frameworks. Moreover, this version underpins at least 8 processors up to a limit of 64. Overhaul ways to Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition are accessible from the Datacenter releases of Windows 2000 and 2003. †¢ Windows HPC Server 2008 (Codenamed â€Å"Socrates†) (supplanting Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003) Windows HPC Server 2008 R2, the Microsoft third-age HPC arrangement, gives a thorough and financially savvy answer for saddling the intensity of elite figuring. Out-of-the-crate, world-class execution, and versatility empower associations of all sizes to quickly convey arrangements going from individual HPC workstations to huge bunches spreading over a huge number of hubs. Clients can bring down both their working and capital expenses. Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 incorporates effectively with existing IT foundation to empower end clients to get to HPC assets utilizing natural Windows-based innovations. With a firmly incorporated arrangement of committed bunch and equal improvement instruments, tied down around Visual Studio 2010, designers can manufacture powerful and adaptable HPC applications effectively and rapidly. Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 is supplemented by a rich biological system of SI, ISV, and OEM accomplices to guarantee that clients approach their preferred uses and the assets required to effectively run them. †¢ Windows Web Server 2008 (IA-32 and x86-64) Windows Web Server 2008 is basically a rendition of Windows Server 2008 structured fundamentally to give web administrations. It incorporates Internet Information Services (IIS) 7. 0 alongside related administrations, for example, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Telnet. It is accessible in 32-piece and 64-piece forms and supports up to 4 processors. Slam is constrained to 4GB and 32GB on 32-piece and 64-piece frameworks separately. Windows Web Server 2008 needs a considerable lot of the highlights present in different releases, for example, grouping, BitLocker drive encryption, multipath I/O, Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS), Removable Storage Management and SAN Management †¢ Windows Storage Server 2008 (Codenamed â€Å"Magni†) (IA-32 and x86-64) Minimal data found. †¢ Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Codenamed â€Å"Cougar†) (x86-64) for independent ventures Minimal data found. Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems conveys a venture class stage for sending business-basic applications. Scale database, line-of-business, and custom applications to meet developing business needs. Windows Server 2008 R2, SQL Server 2008 R2 and the current 2010 line-up of our Developer Tools, in addition to related . NET structures, will be the last emphasess in every product offering to help the Intel Itanium processor and related OEM server stages. Windows Server 2008 Foundation (Codenamed â€Å"Lima†) Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation is a practical, passage level innovation establishment focused at entrepreneurs and IT generalists supporting independent ventures. Establishment is a reasonable, simple to-send, demonstrated, and solid innovation that gives associations the establishment to maintain the most predominant business applications just as offer data and assets. Server Core is accessible in the Web, Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter versions. It isn't accessible in the Itanium version. Server Core is basically an other establishment alternative upheld by a portion of the versions, and not a different release without anyone else. Every design has a different establishment DVD. The 32-piece form of Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition is accessible to confirmed understudies for nothing through Microsoft’s DreamSpark program. Question 2 †What are the new highlights or improvements made to Windows Server 2008? How is Windows Server 2008 not the same as Windows Server 2003? Center OS enhancements †¢ Fully multi-componentized working framework. †¢ Improved hot fixing, an element that permits non-piece patches to happen without the requirement for a reboot. Backing for being booted from Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)- agreeable firmware on x86-64 frameworks. †¢ Dynamic Hardware Partitioning o Support for the hot-expansion or substitution of processors and memory, on proficient equipment. Dynamic Directory enhancements †¢ Read-just spac e controllers (RODCs) in Active Directory, planned for use in branch office or different situations where an area controller may dwell in a low physical security condition. The RODC holds a non-writeable duplicate of Active Directory, and diverts all compose endeavors to a Full Domain Controller. It repeats all records with the exception of touchy ones. reference needed][clarification needed] In RODC mode, accreditations are not reserved as a matter of course. Besides, just the replication accomplice of the RODC needs to run Windows Server 2008. [clarification needed] Also, neighborhood overseers can sign on to the machine to perform support errands without requiring regulatory rights on the area. †¢ Restartable Active Directory permits ADDS to be halted and restarted from the Management Console or the order line without rebooting the space controller. This lessens personal time for disconnected tasks and decreases in general DC overhauling necessities with Server Core. Includes is executed as a Domain Controller Service in Windows Server 2008. Arrangement related enhancements †¢ All of the Group Policy upgrades from Windows Vista are incorporated. Gathering Policy Management Console (GPMC) is implicit. The Group Policy objects are recorded for look and can be remarked on. †¢ Policy-based systems administration with Network Access Protection, improved branch the board and upgraded end client joint effort. Approaches can be made to guarantee more prominent Quality of Service for specific applications or administrations that require prioritization of system data transfer capacity among customer and server. Granular secret key settings inside a solitary space †capacity to actualize distinctive secret phrase approaches for authoritative records on a â€Å"group† and â€Å"user† premise, rather than a solitary arrangement of secret phrase settings to the entire area. Plate the executives and record stockpiling upgrades †¢ The capacity to resize hard circle parcels ceaselessly the server, even the framework segment. This applies just to straightforward and spread over volumes, not to striped volumes. †¢ Shadow Copy based square level reinforcement which bolsters optical media, arrange offers and Windows Recovery Environment. DFS improvements †SYSVOL on DFS-R, Read-just Folder Replication Member. There is additionally support for area based DFS namespaces that surpass the past size proposal of 5,000 envelopes with focuses in a namespace. †¢ Several enhancements to Failover Clustering (High-accessibility groups). †¢ Internet Storage Naming Server (iSNS) empowers focal enrollment, deregistration and queri

Change using frame theory of Kurt Lewin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change utilizing outline hypothesis of Kurt Lewin - Essay Example These stages are unfreezing, development, and refreezing stages. Unfreezing is the phase when the individual requiring the progressions acknowledges and acknowledges that the change is required. In the phase of development, the reasonable methodologies and measures are concluded that would really realize the adjustments in the required, guaranteeing that the main thrusts can decidedly impact the individual towards the change (Marquis and Huston, 2009, pp.167-169). The last stage is the refreezing stage where the change balances out the framework and thus the change gets incorporated into the life of the individual. Without this stage, the change would stay insufficient (Marquis and Huston, 2009, pp.167-169). The investigation of Lewin was centered around a profound comprehension of the psyche of the people and their characters. This is especially appropriate as to the way that the elements that impact people shift from individual to individual and henceforth comprehension of such main thrusts should be recognized (Friedman, 2008, p.238). This specific hypothesis would empower to realize change in the individual, state ABC, discussed in this investigation where the accompanying advances would be thought of. Stage 1: Unfreezing: In this progression, ABC will be attempted to be imparted and seen how overweight and hypertension are destructive for the wellbeing, and that control on these elements is basic. The negative impacts of frozen yogurt, cheddar cake and substantial suppers will likewise be disclosed to him. Stage 2: Movement: In this progression the stage 1 will be performed with the assistance of the main thrusts of ABC. The significant main impetuses of ABC are his family and his sweetheart. Along these lines his relatives and his sweetheart should step up to the plate and continually converse with him about how he can emphatically impact his life staying away from the overwhelming suppers and desserts. This can be accomplished through contribution him with other sound nourishments and propensities, for example, works out, visits, visits to better places that he would appreciate and not enjoy awful

Essay on Pips Development Through Character Interactions

Throughout Dickens’ novel Great Expectations, the character, personality, and social beliefs of Pip undergo complete transformations as he interacts with an ever-changing pool of characters presented in the book. Pip’s moral values remain more or less constant at the beginning and the end; however, it is evident that in the time between, the years of his maturation and coming of adulthood, he is fledgling to find his place in society. Although Pip is influenced by many characters throughout the novel, his two most influential role models are: Estella, the object of Miss Havisham’s revenge against men, and Magwitch, the benevolent convict. Exposing himself to such diverse characters Pip has to learn to discern right from wrong and chose†¦show more content†¦Estella lives in the Manor House with her adoptive mother Miss Havisham who has raised her up as a tool to be used to break men’s hearts. Although she constantly insults and makes fun of Pip, he falls in love with her. This love for her makes Pip vulnerable to any and every little insult that comes out of her mouth and Pip puts to heart everything she says. So, when she says, He calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy!...And what course hands he has! And what thick boots! he takes it to heart (Dickens 105). It is at this point that Pip begins to feel ashamed of his uneducated family, and longs to become a gentleman. Due to Estella’s cold-hearted character and her arrogant personality, Pip is made to feel that he stands no chance with her. Even more dangerous is her destructive influence on Pip which makes him strive to become a gentleman no matter the cost. Rather than being surrounded by people such as Estella who do nothing but put Pip’s character down, he should surround himself with supportive and encouraging individuals who are always there for him and appreciate his unique personality. This is what causes growth in a person. With a beautiful angelic face and a cold-heart Estella serves an important role as Pip’s love interest in the story. Although she is everything that Pip should never want in a friend, that doesn’t stop him from loving her. In the novel, Estella is an important character in both the literal and figurativeShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 PagesCommonly, a novel is either a plot driven novel, a character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginningRead MoreEssay on Great Expectations: A Character-Driven Novel1334 Words   |   6 PagesGreat Expectations: A Character-Driven Novel The novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is heavily a character-driven novel due to the fact that the sequence of events in the novel are causes and effects of the actions of the characters as well as the interactions between them. The novel mainly depicts the growth and development of an orphan named Pip, who is greatly influenced by the other characters and became a gentleman and a bachelor in the end of the novel through his encounters withRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dicken1764 Words   |  8 PagesGreat Expectations there is a wide diverse cast of characters who play different significant roles that affect the character development of Pip. One of the unsung heroes throughout the book, that’s role can be often overlooked is Herbert Pocket. At first glance, it can seem as if Herbert does not have as much of an influence on Pip as he tends to blend into the background, along with the fact that at different points can compare to other minor characters that only show up when they are needed to helpRead MoreAnalysing the Female Characters in Henry James Fiction Essay3987 Words   |  16 PagesAnalysing the Female Characters in Henry James Fiction ‘A woman it seems to me has no natural place anywhere; wherever she finds herself, she has to remain on the surface and more or less to control’ Discuss James’ representations of ‘places’ for women in his novels. There is an impressive range of female characters in Henry James’ fiction. Drawn to the world of wealth and leisure as a subject

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Legacies Of Our Lives By Wes Moore Essay - 1440 Words

Legacies of Our Lives Would you be able to hurdle multiple obstacles to achieve your American dream? In The Other Wes Moore One Name, Two Fates the author Wes Moore tells the story about another Wes Moore and about himself. Both go through their own struggle in life. The other Wes Moore lives in Baltimore and gets arrested four times throughout the story. He gets arrested for stabbing someone, selling drugs, shooting his gun at someone, and robbing a jewelry store. Throughout the whole story the other Wes was poor so he resorted to selling drugs to buy designer clothes. He has four kids and two baby mommas. After he got arrested the third time he entered a labor readiness program which allowed him to obtain his GED and finished at the top of his class. However, the money he was making doing a legitimate job wasn’t making enough for him and ended up robbing a jewelry store with his brother. They ended up getting caught and he got sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Wes Moore the author chooses a different path though. He started out by moving to the Bronx in a drug filled neighborhood. His mom wanted him to succeed so bad that she sent him to a private school. He wasn’t doing too well there so she ended up sending him to a military school. Wes wasn’t doing too good there either until one night he called his mom and they talked about the sacrifices her and her parents made to keep him at that school. Wes changed for good from that pointShow MoreRelatedThe Other Wes Moore : Two Fates980 Words   |  4 Pagessay that we are all conditioned a certain way by our environment and that as much as we hope to, we can’t choose our own destiny. As well, many others might think quite the opposite; they may think that people’s own free will and determination will decide people’s destiny. The choices we make and the relationships we build are the driving force behind how we develop as people, but how much of an impac t does our environment have on us while we move ahead in life. The book â€Å"The Other Wes Moore One NameRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore Double Entry Journal1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Other Wes Moore Double Entry Journal Note Taking Note Making Entry #1: â€Å"That is one of only two memories I have of my father. The other was when I watched him die† (Moore 11). In this quote, narrator Wes Moore is describing one of the only moments he remembers with his father, a positive one where his father protected him and guided him to making better choices. However Moore also foreshadows a tragic and life-changing event, the death of his father due to an acute epiglottitis. 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Carrefours failure in Singapore free essay sample

In November 2012, France-based Carrefour SA (Carrefour), the second largest retailer in the world and the pioneer of the hypermarket concept in Singapore, closed down its two megastores in Suntec and Plaza Singapura, marking Carrefours exit from the Singapore retail market. According to the company’s statement, Carrefour Singapore had decided to quit, as â€Å"expansion and growth perspectives do not allow reaching a leadership position in the medium and long term†. Ho Sue Yuin A0088564N 2. 0 Complications faced by Carrefour in Singapore The main problems encountered by Carrefour while expanding its market in Singapore include low growth in sales, ambiguous consumer preference, limited space and loss of focus due to handling of main operations in Europe. 2. 1 Tough competition in a saturated market A hypermarket is a one-stop shop that combines a supermarket and department store and hence offers a wide range of products. As a pioneer of the hypermarkets in Singapore, Carrefour stores initially managed to attract customers who preferred convenience due to busy work schedules in this rapidly growing country. Singaporeans were excited to shop at a place that offered both groceries and general merchandise such as electronics and furniture under one roof. However, competitors from both local and neighboring regions started to emerge fiercely and began to overtake Carrefour. Giant, originally from Malaysia, opened its first store in Singapore in 2000 and currently has nine outlets; NTUC FairPrice, which entered the market in 2006 with strong governmental support, has five stores now. Besides, grocery retailers like Cold Storage and Shop and Save; electronic retailers like Courts and Best Denki gave Carrefour a tough time gaining market share. 2. 2 Consumer preference shifted towards convenience and price Carrefour was successful in attracting customers in the beginning due to its new concept in Singapore, but it faced difficulty in retaining them. As the hype died down and more local players emerged, customers started to have more contemplations when choosing from the various shopping options available. According to Sonya Madeira (Madeira), managing partner, Rice Communications, the main reason for Carrefours failure in Singapore was low product differentiation, Low product differentiation means that shoppers can get similar products quite easily elsewhere, and so make purchase decisions based on convenience and price. Indeed, as more choices became available, customers tended to be more sensitive towards convenience and price. Letty Lee, director of retail services at CB Richard Ellis, also pointed out that â€Å"the convenience of supermarkets in suburban malls added to Carrefour’s woes†. 2. 3 Restricted space for Carrefour operations and customers’ storage As a hypermarket, Carrefour required large area for its operations – typically ranging from 6,500 to 7,400 square meters. It failed to open more stores in Singapore due to lack of space and high population density; even when there was space available, Carrefour always lost out to the local players who had stronger ties with developers; and thus have more advantages in negotiations with regards to leases. As a result, Carrefour’s stores were located at the major real estate sites in the main shopping areas, which in turn incurred substantial cost in rental. In Europe, where Carrefour’s main operations were, consumers tend to shop less frequently and purchase in large quantities, as they have no issues in goods storage. On the other hand, in Singapore where space is at a premium, consumers shop more regularly and hence have a liking for neighborhood stores due to accessibility and proximity. It was too troublesome for them to travel to Carrefour located in the center of the city, with heavy traffic and high parking fees. 2. 4 Complicated management issues faced by parent company With the appointment of the new Chief Executive Officer of Carrefour SA in France, Mr. Georges Plassat, attempts were made to restructure Carrefour’s operations and concentrate on its European markets. As analyzed by Mr Plassat, Carrefour’s overexpansion had left it with â€Å"insufficient funds to invest at home. † Carrefour also found it arduous to administer the process from the sourcing to the delivery to the stores. The systems required to manage such procurements are extremely complicated, especially for products in the fashion area, where variation and uneven demand became the main struggles. Hence as a part of its recovery plan, Carrefour decided to pull out of some markets, including Singapore, to raise cash for the ailing parent company. Allan Chia, head of the marketing program at UniSIM’s School of Business, suggested that Carrefour’s move in Singapore would likely help it streamline its operations and focus on its European markets. 3. 0 Recommendations for internationalization International growth is a high-risk but high-reward proposition, and it is essential for the growth of the world’s leading retailers like Carrefour. This section analyses the strategies used by Carrefour Singapore to handle the challenges and reasons of failure. Lessons learnt and suggestions proposed are then included for the reference of future companies to avoid similar mistakes made by Carrefour in order to achieve success in international expansions. 3. 1 Adopt a clear differentiation strategy that distinguishes itself from the competitors Retail market in Singapore was highly saturated and dominated by local players with a formidable presence. Carrefours competitors were spread across the country with hundreds of stores. While the product assortment was similar to other retailers’, Carrefour did not offer any distinct exclusivity in the products and services it offered. The prices were also slightly higher than the local rivals. Carrefour tried to tap onto the existing consumer phenomenon, whereby foreign brands were perceived as of the higher quality products and were previously more preferred by the locals due to rising affluence and brand awareness. However, local rivals could easily copy this approach with the ease of accessible resources and network distributions available due to globalization. To overcome this issue, Carrefour should recognize the existence of threat posed by the local competitors who had more competitive advantages such as better understanding of the local markets, extensive network of suppliers and partners, etc. Carrefour had to find a way to stand out and be different, by gaining a good reputation in a specific area or due to qualities possessed, to be perceived as the unique and outstanding hypermarket where customers would prefer over the other retailers. For example, the ability to provide high quality products, to offer low prices, to deliver excellent and personalized customer service, etc. My recommendation in this section is for Carrefour to look into after-sales service, as changes in price and quality of the products brought in from Europe would require a lot of time and mass modifications, which makes it more challenging to adjust in short term. The after-sales services proposed include online shopping, delivery of goods, appropriate â€Å"return and refund policy† and customer service or helpline. As it is a known fact that efficiency and convenience have become the top few priorities considered by Singaporeans when they do grocery shopping, online platform such as Internet website and mobile App could be developed to allow customers to browse through products in store, make orders and have the goods delivered to the doorstep. With this extra service provided, concerns with regards to traffic problems and inconvenience could be eliminated. A return and refund policy which allows consumers to change their minds and return undamaged goods within 7 days, could be introduced. This flexibility for the consumers would increase the chance of those who are undecided in purchasing the goods first and end up not returning. Good customer service and useful guidance, which is consistent before and after sales, could distinguish Carrefour from its rivals who act as mere intermediaries. I believe the above approaches, which revolved around exclusive and premium services, could generate consumer’s satisfaction and earn customer loyalty. This would allow Carrefour to position itself uniquely as one of the premium and then preferred hypermarkets for consumers to shop at. Adapt flexibly to local lifestyle and changes in the market Consumers from different regions respond differently to a firm’s operational strategies. Hence, localization is very important for an international company to have a firm spot in a saturated market like Singapore. Carrefour’s failure in penetrating the Singapore market has shown that local market dynamics has a potential to make good supply chain strategies impossible to operate. What works in France does not guarantee an equivalent success in Singapore as the market dynamics play an important role. Relevant evidence could be seen in the headquarter of Carrefour itself in France, when Lars Olofsson, the former Carrefour CEO, brought in an Englishman from Tesco to run French hypermarkets. He attempted to make Carrefour use English in its operations and for communication within the executives, but things did not work out well and critics were all over the place. His successor, Mr Plassat, who successfully turned the company over, made an important statement relating to localization, Ho Sue Yuin A0088564N 8 MNO 3303 Individual Assignment â€Å"When dealing with something as sensitive as the place people get their food, it’s important to be close to the local culture. † My recommendation here is to relook into the sales of the products Carrefour were selling in all aspects and make suitable amendments to cut off some product lines, remain only the promising Europe products, and venture into collaborations with local or regional suppliers. With the exception of products that thrive on being â€Å"imported† or whose brand is tied to an allure of the originating country back at home, Carrefour should strive towards reception of local brands. Every market has a unique local taste, and it is important to realize the difference between Europe and Singapore that is bombarded with a variety of cultures and food. Distinct, or sometimes completely contrasting tastes, makes it necessary for Carrefour to alter the product assortments, regulate pricing and merchandise in-store differently than the stores in Europe. More Asian brands that are highly popular in Singapore could be brought to the racks, as these products, tested and proven, would ensure sustainable demand followed by promising sales. Besides translating the marketing materials into English and Chinese (the common languages in Singapore), advertising campaigns could tap onto the domestic marketing resources and arouse feelings of reminiscence by reflecting local culture, values and language such as the various dialects and Singapore’s unique slang called â€Å"Singlish†. Events and promotional campaigns suited to the various festive seasons in the multi-cultural Singapore could also be held to boost sales during the occasions celebrated. For example, TV ads could be designed to portray the joy and excitement of shopping in Carrefour during Chinese New Year. Another suggestion would be to encourage customers to voice out their views by giving feedback on products and services. Carrefour has to be open and inviting to suggestions given by the consumers to understand local culture and grasp the need of the local consumers. By flexibly adjusting and improving slowly with the help of the customers, Carrefour would be able to portray a positive and sincere image, which would earn the liking of customers. 3. 3 Invest in the right operation sites Carrefour’s two megastores in Singapore were situated at the Suntec and Plaza Singapura. These two busy and commercialized sites located at central Singapore seemed to promise a large crowd and great business opportunities, but it was also a deterrent for a huge group of potential consumers who were not willing to travel all the way to the central areas where heavy traffic and heavy consumption costs were inevitable. Besides, the rental fees for both locations were so expensive that Carrefour suffered significant financial woes, especially when coupled with the deteriorating sales. The lesson learnt here is to have a detailed and thorough research conducted on all possible locations in the new country penetrated before deciding on the business spots. The research should cover analysis of the target consumers’ population within the potential area, the cost incurred from rental and leasing fees, and not to forget the sales statistics of the nearby businesses in the area considered. Given the capital investment required to open a new store, a location off the beaten path would be a very costly mistake with disappointing results. In this case, IKEA’s successful locations in Singapore could be a reference for Carrefour. As a lifestyle store that requires a lot of space as well, Ikea chose to have its stores situated at two ends of Singapore – Alexandra at West Singapore and Tampines at East Singapore. This ensures that consumers from all over the country are being reached out to. A well-defined real-estate strategy could also be considered for the benefits of the company’s long-term expansion. Research on real estate takes time and guidance by local experts as strategic locations should be spotted and looked into carefully. After studying the locations in Singapore, I would recommend Carrefour to set up its store at IMM, Jurong East. This location is less expensive than sites at the town area and provides a substantial crowd. It would also be able to pull in customers from the neighborhood around with its convenience and reputation. This allows Carrefour to potentially receive higher profit margins, as the rental costs are way lower. 3. 4 Develop responsive local management and consider strategic alliances As could be seen by the lack of efficiency of Carrefour in responding to the market dynamics, it is essential to have a great understanding to the market penetrated. The market expansion strategies implemented may not necessarily have to be tied to the approach used by the parent company at home. My recommendation would be to have a decentralized organizational structure by establishing a strong local management team with the autonomy to make decisions according to the local market trends and consumer phenomenon observed. Carrefour should hire a local team comprising the general manager and support staff, as they are the ones who would easily understand local consumer preferences and how to market to these consumers. To make sure that the business objectives do not alleviate from the parent company too much, expatriates could be sent over to serve as guidance for the operations overseas and linking bridge between Carrefour Singapore and its headquarter in France. Strategic alliances through joint ventures or acquisition also form a major part of my suggestions for Carrefour. Partnerships with local leaders or acquisition of local companies which had been established and operating in the retail market in Singapore would allow Carrefour to the leveraging of many advantages, for example the ability to tap on local contacts, existing business relationships, legal requirements, etc. Mutualism achieved through combined resources, expertise and knowledge would strengthen Carrefour’s operations and competencies, enhance its competitive advantage, minimize possible missteps and pitfalls, timely grasp opportunities and overall increase its confidence in the market. It is also vital to engage the services of knowledgeable and experienced people in the Singapore retail markets. These local experts could assist Carrefour in understanding the genuine cost of managing business operations in Singapore and steer the management past dangerous miscalculations about the true financial opportunity available. Ho Sue Yuin A0088564N